Chronic Conditions & Diseases

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a progressive respiratory disorder affecting ventilation, gas exchange, and acid‑base balance. A central clinical question is whether COPD patients tend toward acidosis (low blood pH) or alkalosis (high blood pH). This article analyzes the pathophysiological mechanisms, typical arterial blood gas (ABG) profiles, compensatory adaptations, and clinical trajectories impacting acid‑base … Read more

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) and asthma are both chronic respiratory conditions that affect airflow in and out of the lungs. They share several symptoms, including shortness of breath, cough, and wheezing, which can make them appear similar at first glance. However, COPD and asthma are different diseases with distinct pathophysiology, typical patient characteristics, and … Read more

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is a progressive respiratory condition marked by airflow limitation, chronic breathlessness, and decreased exercise capacity. Non‑pharmacological interventions such as pursed lip breathing (PLB) are widely recommended in pulmonary rehabilitation programs to help patients manage dyspnea and optimize respiratory mechanics. PLB is simple to learn, requires no equipment, and can be … Read more

An inhaler for COPD is a primary pharmacologic delivery system used to manage Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, a progressive inflammatory lung disorder characterized by persistent airflow limitation. COPD includes emphysema and chronic bronchitis and is commonly caused by long-term exposure to tobacco smoke, biomass fuel, and occupational pollutants. Inhalers are the cornerstone of COPD management … Read more

Medically Reviewed and Compiled by Dr. [Adam N. Khan], MD. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is a progressive lung disorder characterized by persistent airflow limitation. Accurate diagnosis is critical because early detection can slow disease progression, reduce exacerbations, and improve quality of life. COPD diagnosis is not based on symptoms alone; it requires a structured … Read more

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a progressive respiratory condition characterized by persistent airflow limitation and dyspnea (shortness of breath). Breathing exercises are frequently recommended as part of pulmonary rehabilitation to improve respiratory muscle function, reduce dyspnea, and enhance exercise capacity. This article analyzes evidence‑based techniques, protocols, clinical nuances, and actionable guidance for patients with … Read more

COPD exacerbation is a clinically significant worsening of respiratory symptoms in individuals with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) that goes beyond normal day-to-day variation and requires a change in treatment. Exacerbations accelerate lung function decline, reduce quality of life, increase hospitalization risk, and are a major driver of COPD-related mortality. Understanding triggers, early warning signs, … Read more